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Marathas & Sikhs

Hill forts, light cavalry, a navy nobody expected, and a scattering of regional powers who each declined, separately, to be governed by anybody else.

22 entries on this part of the floor. 1650 CE – 1818 CE.

Forts, Sardars & Regional Powers

c. 1700 CE

Shah Rukh Khan

no film family, no connections

Came from Delhi television with no industry background at all, played villains for two films because nobody would cast him otherwise, and became the most globally recognised Indian actor of the era.

Find it on the floor: Forts, Sardars & Regional Powers

Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj

1630–1680

Built a state out of hill forts and light cavalry against two empires at once, ran a navy when nobody in the Deccan thought they needed one, and crowned himself at Raigad in 1674 with the full works, because legitimacy is also a weapon.

Find it on the floor: Forts, Sardars & Regional Powers

Raigad Fort

the capital on a cliff

Reachable by roughly 1,700 steps, or now by ropeway, which the original garrison would have considered a serious security flaw.

Find it on the floor: Forts, Sardars & Regional Powers

Kamaladevi Chattopadhyay

1903–1988

Joined the salt satyagraha, then spent the next forty years rebuilding Indian handicrafts and theatre from the ground up. Most of the craft emporia, cooperatives and the National School of Drama trace back to her.

Find it on the floor: Forts, Sardars & Regional Powers

Bajirao I

Peshwa, undefeated in battle

Fought around forty engagements and lost none of them, largely by moving faster than anyone believed an army could move. Died at forty on campaign, on the march, as expected.

Find it on the floor: Forts, Sardars & Regional Powers

The coronation at Raigad

6 June 1674

Deliberately elaborate, deliberately public, deliberately expensive. The point was that a new sovereign state had come into existence and everyone would have to acknowledge it.

Find it on the floor: Forts, Sardars & Regional Powers

Ahilyabai Holkar

r. 1767–1795, Malwa

Ran a small kingdom with famously clean accounts, heard petitions herself, and spent her treasury rebuilding temples, ghats, wells and rest houses from Kashi to Rameswaram. Almost every pilgrimage town in India has something she paid for.

Find it on the floor: Forts, Sardars & Regional Powers

Lachit Borphukan

Saraighat, 1671

Beat a much larger Mughal force on the Brahmaputra by fighting them on water, where his boats were better. Commanded the battle while seriously ill and refused to leave.

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Sushruta

surgeon, c. 600 BCE

Described over 300 procedures and 120 instruments, including cataract removal and a nose reconstruction using a flap of forehead skin that plastic surgeons still call the Indian method.

Find it on the floor: Forts, Sardars & Regional Powers

Rani Durgavati

Gondwana, d. 1564

Ruled for sixteen years, fought a Mughal invasion with a fraction of the troops, was wounded by arrows, and refused capture.

Find it on the floor: Forts, Sardars & Regional Powers

The Mysorean rockets

1780s–1799

Iron tubes, longer range than anything in Europe at the time, launched in salvos. The British took the technology home and the Congreve rocket followed.

Find it on the floor: Forts, Sardars & Regional Powers

Guru Gobind Singh

1666–1708

Founded the Khalsa at Anandpur in 1699, wrote poetry in three languages, and then declared that after him the scripture itself would be the Guru — ending the line of human succession deliberately.

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Banda Singh Bahadur

d. 1716

Took Sirhind, abolished the zamindari system in the territory he held and gave the land to those who farmed it — an agrarian reform three centuries before the phrase existed.

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The Third Battle of Panipat

14 January 1761

One of the largest single-day battles of the 18th century, and a Maratha disaster on a scale that changed who would end up governing India.

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Maharaja Ranjit Singh

r. 1801–1839

Built a Sikh empire that employed Muslim and Hindu generals and European officers, never enforced conversion, banned capital punishment, and had the good sense to be the one Indian ruler the East India Company decided not to fight.

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Domingo Paes

Portuguese visitor, c. 1520

Reported that the city was as large as Rome, with a bazaar for every trade and more water than he could account for. Then it was sacked in 1565 and left to the monkeys.

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The Wedding Photographer

one more, one more, last one

Has said "last one" eleven times. There will be a drone. There is always a drone.

Find it on the floor: Forts, Sardars & Regional Powers

Jaisalmer Fort

Rajasthan · 1156

One of the very few living forts left anywhere — several thousand people still live inside the walls, with all the drainage consequences that implies.

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The Fort Ramparts

the high ground · upper level

Kumbhalgarh Fort

Rajasthan · 15th century

Its perimeter wall runs for about 36 km, making it one of the longest continuous walls on earth after the Great Wall of China. Never taken by direct assault.

Find it on the floor: The Fort Ramparts

The Golden Temple, Amritsar

Harmandir Sahib

Four doors facing four directions, so that anyone may enter from any side. The kitchen serves free meals to roughly a hundred thousand people a day, more on festivals.

Find it on the floor: The Fort Ramparts

The Fort Escape Tunnels

always have an exit · lower level

The escape tunnel

standard fort equipment

Almost every serious Indian fort has at least one, and almost every local guide will tell you it goes considerably further than it does.

Find it on the floor: The Fort Escape Tunnels

The Maratha Scout

light infantry, lighter baggage

Moved without tents, cooked without fires, and covered ground that regular armies took a week to do. The whole military doctrine was built on being somewhere else.

Find it on the floor: The Fort Escape Tunnels

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